by Admin | Sep 19, 2020 | Chronicles
On September 17 at Session I: The AIWS Social Contract 2020 and AIWS Innovation Network: A Platform for Transatlantic Cooperation, the Lead Speaker and Facilitator was Nazli Choucri, Boston Global Forum Board Member and Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Panel discussion:
- Esko Aho, WLA-CdM Member, Prime Minister of Finland (1991-1995)
- Vaira Vike-Freiberga, WLA-CdM Member, President of Latvia (1999-2007)
- Vint Cerf, Father of the Internet, Chief Internet Evangelist, Google
- Nguyen Anh Tuan, CEO of the Boston Global Forum, “Presentation AIWS City, a practicing of The Social Contract 2020, A New Social Contract in the Age of AI”
The panel discussed the Social Contract for the AI Age and AIWS City. In this session participants are President Vaira Vike-Freiberga, Vint Cerf, both World Leader in AIWS Award recipients, Professor Nazli Choucri, MIT, Board Member of the Boston Global Forum, Michael Dukakis Institute, History of AI at AIWS.net, Mr. Nguyen Anh Tuan, CEO of the Boston Global Forum. Professor Choucri is lead speaker and moderator of this session. She talked about the Social Contract for the AI Age, and Mr. Tuan introduced new concepts found in the Social Contract for the AI Age such as Intellectual Society and Smart Democracy, as well as the model of AIWS City.
Link: https://boston.dialoguescdm.org/on-demand/#02
by Admin | Oct 2, 2020 | Chronicles, News
This week in The History of AI at AIWS.net – computer scientist Judea Pearl published Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems in 1988. The book is, according to the publisher, about “the theoretical foundations and computational methods that underlie plausible reasoning under uncertainty.” The book covers topics such as AI systems, Markov and Baynesian networks, network propagation, and more. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) hailed the book as “[o]ne of the most cited works in the history of computer science” and that it “initiated the modern era in AI and converted many researchers who had previously worked in the logical and neural-network communities.”
1988 falls under the end of the second boom of AI, with the promotion of the Strategic Computing Initiative, Japan’s Fifth Generation, and other counterparts from other countries. The bust that followed it, known as the Second AI winter, lasted from the late 1980s to 1993. This bust was due to the perceptions of governments and investors, who believed that the field was failing, despite the fact that advances were still made.
Judea Pearl is a renowned Israeli-American computer scientist. He is a pioneer into Baynesian networks, probabilistic approaches to AI, and causal inference. He is also known for his other books, Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2000) and The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect (2018). Professor Pearl won the Turing Award, one of the highest honours in the field of computer science, in 2011, for his works into AI through probabilistic and causal reasoning. He is a Chancellor’s Professor at UCLA.
Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems (1988) can be accessed through the ACM digital library, which also has other resources on computer science and AI.
Due to the impact that the book has, the History of AI initiative considers it an important marker in AI history. Professor Judea Pearl is one of the most influential computer scientists around the world. He is a Mentor of AI World Society Innovation Network (AIWS.net). Professor Pearl resides on the History of AI Board. He was honored as 2020 World Leader in AI World Society by Michael Dukakis Institute and the Boston Global Forum.
by Admin | Sep 25, 2020 | Chronicles, News
This week in The History of AI at AIWS.net – computer scientist James Robert Slagle developed SAINT in 1961. SAINT stands for Symbolic Automatic INTegrator. It was a heuristic program that could solve symbolic integration problems in freshman calculus. The machine was developed as a part of Slagle’s dissertation at MIT, with Marvin Minsky’s help. SAINT is considered the the first expert system. An expert system is a system that performs at the level of a human expert. SAINT was also one of the first projects that tried to produce a program that can come close to surpassing the Turing test as well.
James Robert Slagle is an American computer scientist. He worked on SAINT for his dissertation at MIT with Marvin Minsky. Slagle would receive his PhD in Mathematics from MIT later on in 1961. He’s a Professor in Computer Science with appointments in universities such as MIT, Johns Hopkins, UC Berkeley, and University of Minnesota.
Marvin Minsky also played a role in this project, as Slagle worked with him for this section of his dissertation. He would go on to be an important pioneer in the field of AI. He penned the research proposal for the Dartmouth Conference, which coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”, and he was a participant in it when it was hosted the next summer. Minsky would also co-founded the MIT AI labs, which went through different names, and the MIT Media Laboratory. In terms of popular culture, he was an adviser to Stanley Kubrick’s acclaimed movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. Minsky won the Turing Award in 1969.
The full dissertation can be found here. This project and dissertation is special in regard to AI, due to it being another step in its development, most notably for being the first expert system. Albeit it was only a minor project, the HAI initiative regards it as another pioneering attempt in the History of AI.
by Admin | Sep 19, 2020 | News
On September 17, at Session I of this event, Mr. Nguyen Anh Tuan, CEO of the Boston Global Forum, Co-Author of Social Contract for the AI Age, introduced the model of AI World Society City (AIWS City). AIWS City as a method of practicing the Social Contract for the AI Age.
The AIWS City is an all-digital virtual city based on trusted open data, that applies the standards of “Social Contract for the AI Age”, “People Centered Economy”, “Trustworthy Economy”, “Intellectual Society, a thoughtful civil society”, and “AI-Government”.
- The AIWS City can assist citizens to become more thoughtful by enhancing knowledge, critical thinking and social responsibility
- AIWS creates the concept of AIWS Value. AIWS Value: traditional value (products, services, data, innovation, creativities, etc.) + social values (contributions). Recognize and exchange traditional and social values.
- The AIWS City will operate based on AIWS Value in order to create a good Ecosystem of the People Centered Economy – “all people can create value for each other”.
- Slogan: “People Centered AI andInternet Ecosystem for Work and Life”.
- The AIWS City Board of Leaders are: Governor Michael Dukakis, Chairman of the Boston Global Forum, Nguyen Anh Tuan, CEO of The Boston Global Forum, Professor Alex Pentland, MIT, Vint Cerf, Father of the Internet, Chief Internet Evangelist of Google, Professor Zlatko Lagumdzija, Former Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Professor Nazli Choucri, MIT, Professor David Silbersweig, Harvard University, Professor Thomas Patterson, Harvard University, Marc Rotenberg, Director of Center for AI and Digital Policy at Michael Dukakis Institute.
by Admin | Sep 18, 2020 | Chronicles, News
This week in The History of AI at AIWS.net – Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds built SNARC, the first artificial neural network, in 1951. SNARC stands for the Stochastic Neural Analog Reinforcement Calculator. It is a neural net machine, which itself is a randomly connected network of 40 Hebbs synapses. The idea to develop the machine was from a letter by Minsky to George Armitage Miller, who then got funding from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Dean Edmonds volunteered to help, as he was good with electronics.
Marvin Minsky was a graduate student in mathematics at Princeton at the time of this project. He would go on to be an important pioneer in the field of AI. He penned the research proposal for the Dartmouth Conference, which coined the term “Artificial Intelligence”, and he was a participant in it when it was hosted the next summer. Minsky would also co-founded the MIT AI labs, which went through different names, and the MIT Media Laboratory. In terms of popular culture, he was an adviser to Stanley Kubrick’s acclaimed movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. He won the Turing Award in 1969.
Dean Edmonds was a graduate student in physics at Princeton at the time of the project. Although there is not many information about him, he wrote a short piece about his time around academia, which also details his contacts with Minsky and SNARC. George Armitage Miller, who helped get funding for the project from the Air Force, was an American psychologist. He was a pioneer in the field of cognitive psychology and cognitive science.
This project is important to the History of AI as SNARC machine was one of the first experiments in the Artifical Intelligence. Furthermore, Marvin Minsky would become one of the founders of AI. HAI considers this an eventful project in the early development of AI.
